Diabetes

The concept of "diabetes"It is customary to denote a group of endocrine diseases that develop as a result of absolute or relative scarcity of hormone in the bodyinsulin.In view of this condition, the patient manifests himselfHyperglycemia- A significant increase in the amount of glucose in human blood.Diabetes mellitus is characterized by a chronic course.In the process of developing the disease, there is a violation of metabolism as a wholefat, Like this,protein, Like this,carbohydrate, Like this,mineralANDWater heelexchange.According to WHO statistics, about 150 million people are sick in the world of diabetes.By the way, not only one person, but also animals, for example, cats, are sick with diabetes.

The meaning of the word "diabetes" of the Greek language is "expiration."Therefore, the concept of "diabetes mellitus" means "losing sugar".In this case, the main sign of the disease is displayed - sugar excretion in the urine.So far, there are many studies on the causes of this disease, however, the causes of the disease manifestation and its complications are later not yet established.

Types of diabetes

Diabetes mellitus sometimes also occurs in humans as one of the manifestations of the underlying disease.In this case, we are talking aboutSymptomatic diabetesWhat can happen at the bottom of the defeatthyroidorpancreas glands, Like this,Adrenal glands, Like this,The pituitary gland.In addition, this form of diabetes develops as a consequence of treatment with some medications.And if the treatment of the underlying disease is successfully approved, diabetes will be healed.

Diabetes mellitus is usually divided into two forms: thisType 1 diabetes, that is,Insulin -Dependent, and alsoType 2 diabetes, that isInsulin -Dependent.

Type 1 diabetes mellitus manifests itself more often in young people: as a rule, most of these patients are not thirty years.About 10 to 15% of the total number of diabetes patients suffer this form of disease.Diabetes mellitus in children manifests itself mainly in this form.

Diabetes of the first type is a consequence of damage to pancreas beta cells that produce insulin.Often, these types of diabetes people get sick after viral diseases -mumps, Like this,Viral hepatitis, Like this,Rublich.Often diabetes of the first type occurs asAutoimmune diseaseBDue to the defect in the immune system of the body.As a rule, in a person who is ill with the first type of diabetes, harmful thinness manifests itself.In the blood, sugar levels increase significantly.Patients with the first type of diabetes depend on the constant injections of insulin, which become vital.

Among diabetics, as a whole, patients with type 2 diabetes prevail.At the same time, about 15% of patients with this form of disease have normal weight and all others suffer from overweight.

Type 2 diabetes is developing as a result of a fundamentally different cause.In this case, with beta cells, it is produced enough or a lot of insulin, however, the body tissues lose the ability to accept their specific sign.In this case, no insulin injections are required for survival, but sometimes they are prescribed to control the patient's blood sugar.

The Causes of Diabetes

One of the types of type 1 diabetes"Dependent on insulin", the main reason for this form can be complications after viral infections, for example,flu, Like this,herpes, and alsocholelithiasis.Factors that contribute to a type 2 diabetes disease"Dependent on insulin", they are genetic predisposition, as well as diseases of the endocrine system and obesity.

The main reason for the manifestation of diabetes is impairedCarbohydrate metabolism, which manifests itself due to the impossibility of the pancreas producing the right amount of insulin hormone or producing insulin of the necessary quality.There are many assumptions about the causes of such a state.It is certainly known that diabetes is an uninvited disease.There is a theory that the cause of the disease are genetic defects.It is proven that a higher risk of the disease occurs in people whose close relatives were sick with diabetes.The probability of the disease in people whose diabetes has been diagnosed in both parents is especially high.

Experts define another significant factor that directly affects the possibility of diabetesobesity.In this case, a person is accessible to adjust their own weight;Therefore, you should treat this problem with all seriousness.

Another provocative factor is a series of diseases, whose result is the defeatBeta cells.First of all, we are talking aboutpancreatitis, Like this,Diseases from other internal secretion glands, Like this,pancreatic cancer.

Viral infections can serve as a type of trigger mechanism for the beginning of diabetes.Viral infections "launch" diabetes in all cases.However, people who have a hereditary predisposition to diabetes and other organization factors have a much higher risk to get sick due to the infection.

In addition, doctors determine as a predisposing factor for the factor.stressAnd emotional tension.The elderly should remember the possibility of sick diabetes: the older a person becomes, the more likely the disease.

At the same time, the assumption of many about the fact that with diabetes, those who like to constantly eat a lot of sugar and sweet products risk being sick from the point of view of the high probability of obesity in these people.

In rarer cases, diabetes mellitus in children and adults occurs as a consequence of certain hormonal disorders in the body, as well as damage to the pancreas due to alcohol abuse or taking some drugs.

Another assumption indicates the viral nature of diabetes.Therefore, type 1 diabetes may manifest due to viral damage to pancreas beta cells, producing insulin.In response, the immune system producesantibodieswho are calledinsular.

However, to this day, there are many obscure points in the matter of determining the causes of diabetes.

Diabetes symptoms

The symptoms of diabetes mellitus, first and foremost, manifest themselves through the very intense production of urine.A person begins to urinate not only frequently, but also a lot (a phenomenon calledPolyuria).In view of such a phenomenon, the patient has aStrong headquarters.Along with the urine, it stands outglucose, a person loses calories.Therefore, a sign of diabetes mellitus will also be very strong due to the constant feeling of hunger.

Other unpleasant phenomena occur as symptoms of diabetes: severe fatigue,Constant, the presence of itching in the perineum.The patient can freeze limbs and visual acuity gradually decreases.

The disease progresses and the following signs of diabetes manifest themselves.The patient notes that his wounds heal much worse, gradually the life of the body is inhibited as a whole.

It is important to consider that the main signs of diabetes, to which each person should pay attention is the loss of vitality, a constant sensation of thirst, rapid body excretion with the urine of the consumed liquid.

However, at first, symptoms of diabetes mellitus may not appear, and the disease can only be determined by laboratory tests.If the disease does not appear, and a slightly increased sugar content is detected in the blood and its presence in the urine occurs, so in a person is diagnosed inPre -diabetic state.It is characteristic of a very large number of people and, after ten to fifteen years, they develop type 2 diabetes. In this case, insulin does not perform a function of divisioncarbohydrates.As a result, little glucose enters the bloodstream, which is a source of energy.

Diagnosis of diabetes

Diabetes mellitus gradually manifests in a person, so doctors distinguish three periods from their development.In people who are prone to diseases due to the presence of some risk factors, the period called manifestsPresiabet.If glucose is already absorbed by disorders, but signs of the disease do not yet occur, the patient is diagnosed with the periodhidden diabetes.The third period is directly the development of the disease.

Laboratory tests are of particular importance for diagnosis of diabetes in children and adults.When examining the urine, it is foundacetoneANDsugar.The fastest method for establishing a diagnosis is a blood test in which the glucose content is determined.In addition, this is the most reliable diagnostic method.

Greater research accuracy ensures oral tolerance of glucose tolerance.Initially, it is necessary to determine which level of glucose in the patient's blood is with an empty stomach.After that, a person should drink a glass of water in which 75 grams of glucose are pre -resorted.After two hours, a second measurement is performed.If the result of the glucose content was 3.3 to 7.0 mmol/L, glucose tolerance will be disturbed, with more than 11.1 mmol/L, the patient is diagnosed with diabetes.

In addition, during the diagnosis of diabetes, a blood test is performed forGlycogenyTo determine the average level of blood sugar for a long period (about 3 months).This method is also used to determine how effective diabetes treatment was in the last three months.

Diabetes treatment

Doctors prescribe comprehensive treatment of diabetes in order to support normal blood glucose content.In this case, it is important to take into consideration thatHyperglycemia, that is, an increase in sugar levels, norHypoglycemia, that is, your fall.

Throughout the day, the glucose content should be approximately the same level.This support allows us to prevent the manifestation of diabetes complications, which are threatening of life.Therefore, it is very important that the person himself carefully controls his own state and is as disciplined as possible for disease therapy.Gluetometer- This is a specially designed device that makes it possible to measure the blood glucose independently.To analyze, you must take a drop of blood from a finger and apply it to a test strip.

It is important that the treatment of diabetes in children and adults begins immediately after a person is made a corresponding diagnosis.The doctor defines methods for the treatment of diabetes mellitus, as the type of diabetes the patient occurs.

For the treatment of type 1 diabetes, it is important to provide lifelong hormone replacement therapy.For this, every day a patient who has the first type of diabetes is diagnosed should do insulin injections.There are no other treatment options in this case.Before the role of insulin was determined in 1921, diabetes did not give in to treatment.

There is a special classification of insulin, which is based on where the drug comes and what is the duration of its action.Distinguishoptimistic, Like this,porkANDhumaninsulin.Due to the detection of various side effects, insulin of bulls is used less frequently today.The closest to the human structure is the insulin of pork.The difference is in aamino acid.The duration of the effects of insulin can beShort, Like this,Average, Like this,Far away.

As a rule, the patient produces insulin in about 20 to 30 minutes before eating.It is inserted into the thigh, shoulder or stomach by subcutaneously, while the injection site should be alternated in all injections.

When insulin enters the blood, it stimulates the process of transition from blood glucose to tissue.If there has been an overdose, it is full of hypoglycemia.The symptoms of this condition are as follows: the patient has a tremor, an improved separation of sweat, a heartbeat accelerates, a person feels strong weakness.In this state, a person should rapidly increase the glucose level using multiple tablespoons of sugar or a glass of freshwater.

An insulin management scheme should be selected exclusively by a specialist, taking into account all the characteristics of the body, as well as the image of your life.The selection of daily insulin doses is made to correspond to the physiological norm.Two thirds of hormonal doses are accepted in the morning and afternoon, one third in the afternoon and evening.There are several different schemes for the introduction of injections, the viability of use is determined by the doctor.The correction of insulin doses is possible, depending on several factors (diet, physical loads, characteristics of carbohydrate metabolism).An important role in determining the ideal insulin intake is given to the measurement independent of glucose levels and the maintenance of records in relation to self -observation.

In this case, the corresponding diet in diabetes is very necessary.It is important for the patient to take food according to a special scheme: three main meals and three additional meals.The diabetes power supply is taking into account the fact that blood glucose content is strongly increased by carbohydrates.However, a severe restriction on its use is not required.Subject to normal human body weight, it is important to consider the amount of carbohydrates to choose the correct dose of insulin.

If a person has a second type of diabetes diabetes at the beginning of the disease, you cannot take drugs.In this case, a diabetes diet is important, which provides for minimizing the use of simple carbohydrates and a competent approach to physical exertion.If diabetes progress, drug therapy is required.The doctor prescribes treatment with sugar -free medications.He chooses appropriate drugs from derivativesSulfonelmochevine, Like this,Praial Glycemia Regulators.They help increase the insulin sensitivity of fabricBiguanides(Drugs also decrease glucose absorption in the intestine) andThiazolidindo.In the absence of the effect of treatment with specified drugs, patients are prescribed by insulin therapy.

With diabetes, folklore recipes are also practiced that stimulate a decrease in blood sugar.For this purpose, herbal decoctions that have these properties are used.This is a sheet of blueberries, linen seeds, leaf strip, bay sheet, juniper and rosehip fruits, bardan root, dióic nettle leaves, etc.Herbal decoctions are taken several times a day before eating.

Diabetes power supply

For patientssugarType 1 diabetesThe main treatment of diabetes is insulin injections, and the diet serves as a significant addition to drug treatment, while for patientsType 2 diabetes- A diet based on a diet is the main method of treatment.Since the normal functioning of diabetes development is impairedpancreas, leading to a decrease in insulin production, which is involved in assimilating sugar by body, proper nutrition and diet are of great importance.Diabetes diet is used to normalize carbohydrate metabolism and prevent fat metabolism.

What should be food:

• frequent and regular meals (preferably4-5 timesper day, approximately at the same time), it is advisable to uniformly distribute the use of carbohydrates according to meals;
• Food must be richmacro-ANDmicroelements(zinc, calcium, phosphorus, potassium) and alsovitamins(Group B vitamins, P, ascorbic acid, retinol, riboflavin, thiamine);
• The food must be varied;
• sugarIt is worth replacingSorbitol, Xilite, Fructose, AspartamorSugarinthat can be added to appropriate food and drinks;
• You can use it before1.5 litersliquids per day;
• Preference should be given to carbohydrates difficult to digest (vegetables, fruits, thick flour bread), products that contain fiber (raw vegetables, beans, peas, oats) and limit the use of cholesterol -rich products - egg yolks, liver, kidneys;
• The diet should be strictly observed not to cause the development or exacerbation of the disease.

Diabetes diet does not prohibit sugar and, in some cases, recommends the following products in the diet:

• Black or specialDiabetic bread(200-300 gr. Per day);
• Vegetable soups, cabbage soup, okroshki, beet;
• Soups prepared in meat broth can be consumed 2 times a week;
• Low fat meat (beef, veal, rabbit), domestic birds (turkey, chicken), fish (perch, cod, pike) (approximately 100-150 gr.
• Useful cereal dishes (sarracene wheat, oats, corn) and pasta, vegetables can be consumed every day;
• Potatoes, carrots and beets - no more than 200 g.per day;
• The rest of the vegetables - cabbage, including colored cucumbers, cucumbers, spinach, tomato, eggplant and vegetables, can be consumed without restrictions;
• Eggs cannot have more than 2 pieces;
• 200-300 gr.On apple day, oranges, lemons, it is possible in the form of juices with pulp;
• Dairy products (kefir, yogurt) -1-2 cups per day and cheese, milk and sour cream with the doctor's permission;
• It is recommended that low fat cottage cheese be consumed daily at 150-200 gr.per day anyway;
• Fats per day can be consumed up to 40 g.Hot butter and vegetable oil.

From drinks, it is allowed to drink black, green tea, weak coffee, juices, jam of acidic varieties with the addition of xilite or sorbitol, roseiph decoction and mineral water.

It is important for people with diabetes.Easily digestible carbohydrates.These products include sugar, honey, jam, confectionery, sweets, chocolate.The use of cakes, muffins, fruit - bananas, raisins, grapes is strictly limited.In addition, it is worth minimizing the useFatty foodsfirst of all, fat, vegetable and butter, greasy meat, sausage, mayonnaise.In addition, it is better to exclude fried, sharp, spicy and smoked dishes, sharp snacks, savory and pickled vegetables, cream, diet alcohol.Salty salt per day can be consumed no more than 12 g.

Diabetes diet

The diabetes diet should be observed without fail.The characteristics of the diabetes in this case imply the normalization of carbohydrate metabolism in the human body and at the same time facilitating the functioning of the pancreas.The diet excludes easily digestible carbohydrates, limits the usefat.People with diabetes need to consume many vegetables, but at the same time limit food and salt containing cholesterol.The food should be baked and cook.

A patient with diabetes is recommended to eat a lot of cabbage, tomato, zucchini, herbs, cucumbers, beet.Instead of sugar, patients with diabetes can eat xilit, sorbitol, fructose.At the same time, it is necessary to limit the amount of potatoes, bread, cereals, carrots, fats, honey.

It is forbidden to eat confectionery sweets, chocolate, sweets, jam, bananas, spicy, smoked, RAM and pork fat, mustard, alcohol, grapes, raisins.

You always need to have food at the same time, food intake cannot be passed.The food should contain a lot of fiber.To do this, it should periodically include vegetables, rice, oats, sarracene wheat in the diet.Every day, a patient with diabetes should drink many liquids.

Diet No. 9

Dietetologists have developed a special recommended diet as the main nutrition for diabetes.One feature of diet # 9 is that it can be adapted to the patient's individual tastes, adding or excluding some dishes at ease.Diabetes diet creates conditions to normalize carbohydrate metabolism, helps maintain patient performance and is developed taking into account the severity of the disease, concomitant diseases, weight and energy costs.There is also diet no. 9A, which is used as the basis for the compilation of the diet inLight form of diabetes.As well as in concomitant obesity forms of varying degrees in patients who do not receive insulin and 9B, with an increase in the protein consumption standard for patients with a severe form of diabetes, who receive treatment of insulin of diabetes and have additional physical activity.HeavyOften complicated by liver disease, gallbladder, pancreas.

Diet No. 9Include this diet approximately:

• The first breakfast(To work at 7 am): Sarracene wheat porridge, meat paste or low fat cottage cheese;Tea on xlet, bread with butter.
• Lunch(At lunchtime, 12 hours a day): Cottage cheese, 1 cup of kefir.
• To have lunch(After work, 17 hours a day): vegetable soup, boiled meat potatoes, an apple or orange.Or: clean cabbage soup, cooked meat with cooked carrots, tea in Xylita.
• To have lunch(20 hours of the night): cooked fish with cabbage or potato pins, roseiph decoction.
• Before going to bed, a glass of kefir or yogurt.

Diabetes prevention

Diabetes prevention provides the maintenance of the healthier lifestyle.You should not allow extra pounds, constantly exercise and play sports.Each person should reduce the use of fat and sweets.If a person is already forty years or in his family, there have been cases of diabetes, sugar prevention for diabetes provides a regular blood sugar test.

You need to try to consume many fruits and vegetables every day, include more products in the diet with a high complex carbohydrate content.It is equally important to monitor how much salt and sugar enter the daily diet - in this case, abuse is not allowed.There must be many products containing vitamins in the diet.

In addition, for diabetes prevention, it is important to be constantly in a state of mental balance to avoid stressful situations.In addition, a violation of carbohydrate metabolism manifests itself as a result of increased pressure, so it is very important to prevent this condition in advance.

Diabetes Complications

The complications of diabetes manifested if diabetes treatment is not performed is a particular danger to human health and life, or is performed incorrectly.Due to these complications, a fatal result occurs.It is usual to distinguish between acute diabetes complications, which develop rapidly in the patient, as well as late complications, which occur several years later.

Acute complications of diabetes manifest themselvescoma: In this state, the patient loses consciousness, he violated the functions of various organs - liver, kidneys, heart, nervous system.The reasons for coma development are a strong changeacidityBlood, a violation of the proportion of salts and water in the body, the manifestation of lactic acid in a large amount, a sharp drop in the blood of glucose levels.

As late diabetes complications, damage to small kidney vessels and eyes usually occurs.If a large ship is affected, the occurrence may occurStroke, Like this,myocardial infarction, Like this,Gangrene legs.The human nervous system also suffers.